3.4 Types of Cultural Diffusion

Cultural Diffusion

The definition of cultural diffusion (noun) is the geographical and social spread of the different aspects of one culture to different ethnicities, religions, nationalities, regions, etc. Cultural diffusion is about the spreading of culture over time. There are many types of cultural diffusion, and in this guide, we will go over the types and provide examples. The following study guides in this unit series go into additional examples of cultural diffusion in specific historic and modern contexts. 

Relocation Diffusion

Relocation Diffusion occurs when people move from their original location to another and bring their innovations with them. Immigration from country to country, city to city, etc. As they relocate to a new location, they bring their ideas, and cultural traditions such as food, music, and more. As masses of individuals immigrate to a new environment, they bring along their cultural connections, influencing others in the new environments. Relocation diffusion can also be forced rather than chosen.

Examples

Many cultural components of Southern US architecture, cuisine, and music have African and Caribbean origins due to the forced relocation and enslavement of African people during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. 

Another example is the cultural diffusion from when over two million persecuted Jewish people fled Eastern Europe between 1881 and 1914 to live in Britain or the United States.

Expansion Diffusion

Expansion Diffusion is the spread of an idea through a population where the amount of those influenced grows continuously larger. There are three sub-types of Expansion diffusion: Stimulus, Hierarchical, and Contagious.

Contagious Diffusion

Contagious Diffusion is defined as the distance-controlled spreading of an idea through a local population by contact from person to person. Similarly to a disease, it spreads rapidly from one source to another from person to person. Another way to think of it is like the spreading of a forest fire. 

Examples of contagious diffusion

• religions when people are in contact with belief systems especially universalizing religions such as Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. Missionaries spread Christianity.
• the globalization of social networking, and media platforms.
• when videos or songs go viral, they contagiously diffuse like wildfire through the help of modern technological innovations.  All memes exhibit contagious diffusion!

Hierarchical Diffusion

Hierarchical Diffusion is when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals. Think of the chain of command in businesses, and the government. There’s somewhat of a hierarchy in terms of the position of authority. 

Examples of hierarchical diffusion

1. The Federal government such as the president, vice president, and cabinet members are the first to be informed of governmental matters before the general public and state government employees.
2. A business CEO is more informed on matters within their company before the spread of that information to employees and the general public.
3. You can also think about popular music first reaching urban centers, and city communities in New York, LA, and Chicago before gaining popularity among the wider public.

Stimulus Diffusion

Stimulus Diffusion is when an idea diffuses from its cultural hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters. Almost all cultural diffusions will have some aspect of stimulus diffusion because of the ways culture adapts to new environmental, social, and political conditions.

Examples of stimulus diffusion

• The McDonalds fast food chain originating in the US midwest has developed different menu items in different regions of the world.
• The changing interpretations of religious texts as they are translated into other languages.

Maladaptive Diffusion

Maladaptive Diffusion is the adoption of diffusing traits that are not practical or reflective of a region's environment or culture. 

Examples of maladaptive diffusion: 

• the spread of grass lawns and monoculture crops which are both actively very harmful to the environment
• the popularity of wearing blue jeans in any weather despite the impracticality of wearing them in the winter season

This image depicts the Diffusion S Curve by Hagerstrand specifically in the model of the adoption of technology. The stages include innovators, early adopters (small groups of those that can afford), followed by majority adopters (faster rate of adoption once price decreases), and lastly laggards/late adopters (rate of adoption slows down). The trend resembles the letter S therefore is called an S curve.

Watchlist: Fiveable Reviews on the meaning of cultural diffusion and the definition of culture

🎥Watch: What is Culture

"What is Culture" Key Questions:

• What is the difference between folk (local) culture and popular culture?
• What is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?
• What is so complicated about the topics of cultural assimilation, appropriation, and commodification?

🎥Watch: Diffusion of Culture

"Diffusion of Culture" Key Questions: 

• What is culture?
• Which types of regions are best used to help us understand culture?
• Can you explain the cultural landscape?
• What is cultural appropriation and how is it harmful?
• What is the difference between folk and popular culture?
• What are the different types of cultural diffusion?

🎥 Watch: AP HUG - All About Diffusion

"All About Diffusion" Key Questions:

• What are the types of diffusion?
• What is the difference between relocation diffusion and expansion diffusion?
• What are the types of expansion diffusion?
• what are the historical causes of diffusion?
• How does culture change due to diffusion?
• What are the different cultural responses that result from the diffusion of culture?

🎥 Watch: Cultural Diffusion, Language, and Religion

• What is the difference between folk and popular culture?
• How does culture spread?
• How does language change over time?
• How does religion affect the cultural landscape?