1.1 Vergil, Aeneid, Book 1, Lines 1-209

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Use this study guide as a refresher after instruction from your professional Latin instructor/teacher. As it is AP Latin, you will be expected to learn the grammar in class except for questions which we will go over again. The main purpose of this study guide is to provide 80% literal, 20% interpretative translations and to break down the text, context, and grammar. What interpretative means is that it is not the literal Latin translation but that it has been restructured in some way to better fit the modern English vernacular.

Lines 1-49, Book 1, The Aeneid

Original Passage

Arma virumque canō, Trōiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs Ītaliam, fātō profugus, Lāvīniaque vēnit lītora, multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō vī superum saevae memorem Iūnōnis ob īram; multa quoque et bellō passus, dum conderet urbem,  5              inferretque deōs Latiō, genus unde Latīnum, Albānīque patrēs, atque altae moenia Rōmae.

Mūsa, mihī causās memorā, quō nūmine laesō, quidve dolēns, rēgīna deum tot volvere cāsūs īnsīgnem pietāte virum, tot adīre labōrēs         10                           impulerit. Tantaene animīs caelestibus īrae?

Urbs antīqua fuit, Tyriī tenuēre colōnī, Karthāgō, Ītaliam contrā Tiberīnaque longē ōstia, dīves opum studiīsque asperrima bellī, quam Iūnō fertur terrīs magis omnibus ūnam    15                        posthabitā coluisse Samō; hīc illius arma, hīc currus fuit; hōc rēgnum dea gentibus esse, sī quā Fāta sinant, iam tum tenditque fovetque. Prōgeniem sed enim Trōiānō ā sanguine dūcī audierat, Tyriās olim quae verteret arcēs;         20                           hinc populum lātē regem bellōque superbum ventūrum excidiō Libyae: sīc volvere Parcās. Id metuēns, veterisque memor Sāturnia bellī, prīma quod ad Trōiam prō cārīs gesserat Argīs— necdum etiam causae īrārum saevīque dolōrēs     25                      exciderant animō: manet altā mente repostum iūdicium Paridis sprētaeque iniūria fōrmae, et genus invīsum, et raptī Ganymēdis honōrēs. Hīs accēnsa super, iactātōs aequore tōtō Trōas, rēliquiās Danaum atque immītis Achillī,      30                     arcēbat longē Latiō, multōsque per annōs errābant, āctī Fātīs, maria omnia circum. Tantae mōlis erat Rōmānam condere gentem!

Vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum vela dabant laeti, et spumas salis aere ruebant,      35                     cum Iuno, aeternum servans sub pectore volnus, haec secum: 'Mene incepto desistere victam, nec posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem? Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exurere classem Argivom atque ipsos potuit submergere ponto,   40             unius ob noxam et furias Aiacis Oilei? Ipsa, Iovis rapidum iaculata e nubibus ignem, disiecitque rates evertitque aequora ventis, illum expirantem transfixo pectore flammas turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto.   45             Ast ego, quae divom incedo regina, Iovisque et soror et coniunx, una cum gente tot annos bella gero! Et quisquam numen Iunonis adoret praeterea, aut supplex aris imponet honorem?'

(Vergil, The Aeneid, Book 1, Lines 1-49)

Questions about the Latin

1. What gender, number, and case is arma in line one?

2. Why is the "Mūsa" important?

3. What does the "-que" on "Tiberīnaque" mean?

4. Who is Ajax, son of Oileus?

5. Why might Juno be angry at the Trojan's from your background knowledge

Answers about the Latin!

1. Neuter, Plural, Accusative

2. Ancient classical authors often invoked the Muse as an inspiration for their writing and for the Muse to bless their stories.

3. And

4. Ajax, son of Oileus, was one of the captains in the Greek army during the Trojan War. He defiled the high priestess of Pallas (Athena) in Troy, Cassandra, and was struck down by Pallas.

5. Read about this background myth: https://greektraveltellers.com/blog/the-apple-of-discord-and-the-fairest-of-them-all

Modern English Translation

I sing of arms and the man, he who first left Troy to Italy's shore, exiled by fate, and to Lavinia's shores, he was thrown about much by the land and the sea, by the gods, by cruel Juno's guiltless anger, also much long suffering in war, until he could found a city, and ferried his gods to Latium, from that which the Latin people emerged, the lords of Alba Longa, and the walls of Noble Rome.

Muse, name to me the cause, by what thing was her divinity harmed, how was she pained, the Queen of Heaven, to drive a man noted for virtue, to endure such dangers, to endure so many works. Is it possible for there to be such anger in the minds of the gods?

There was an ancient city, Carthage, held by colonists from Tyre, opposite Italy, and the far-off mouths of the Tiber, rich in wealth, and very savage in pursuit of war. They say Juno loved this one land above all others, even neglecting Samos: here were her weapons and her chariot, even the goddess worked at, and cherished, the idea that it should have supremacy over the nations, if only the fates allowed. Yet she'd heard of offspring, derived from Trojan blood, that would one day overthrow the Tyrian stronghold: that from them a people would come, wide-ruling, and proud in war, to Libya's ruin: so the Fates ordained. Fearing this, and remembering the ancient war she had fought before, at Troy, for her dear Argos, and the cause of her anger and her bitter sorrows had not yet passed from her mind: the distant judgement of Paris stayed deep in her heart, the injury to her scorned beauty, her hatred of the race, and abducted Ganymede's honors, the daughter of Saturn, incited further by this, hurled the Trojans, the Greeks and pitiless Achaens had left, round the whole ocean, keeping them far from Latium: they wandered for many years, driven by fate over all the seas. Such an effort it was to found the Roman people!

Scarcely were the sails of the Trojan ships, joyfully spreading, out of sight from the shores of Sicily, and the waves were dashing foam against the air, when Juno, preserving a deep wound in her heart, said to herself: 'Shall I, conquered, abandon my undertaking, and not be able to turn the Trojan king from Italy? By all means, I am forbidden by fate. Could Pallas have burned the Argive fleet and drowned the men themselves in the sea, for the crime and madness of one man, Ajax, son of Oileus? She, indeed, launched rapid fire from the clouds, broke up the ships, and upset the sea with winds; and, as he was expiring, snatched him with a whirlwind and fixed him on a sharp rock. But I, who am queen of the gods, and sister and wife of Jove, and wage war with this people for so many years! And shall anyone worship the power of Juno beside, or lay suppliant offerings on her altars?'"

Lines 50-101, Book 1, The Aeneid

Original Passage

Talia flammato secum dea corde volutans               50 nimborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus austris, Aeoliam venit. Hic vasto rex Aeolus antro luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras imperio premit ac vinclis et carcere frenat. Illi indignantes magno cum murmure montis               55 circum claustra fremunt; celsa sedet Aeolus arce sceptra tenens, mollitque animos et temperat iras. Ni faciat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras. Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris,               60 hoc metuens, molemque et montis insuper altos imposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere certo et premere et laxas sciret dare iussus habenas. Ad quem tum Iuno supplex his vocibus usa est:

'Aeole, namque tibi divom pater atque hominum rex               65 et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento, gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor, Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates: incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppes, aut age diversos et disiice corpora ponto.               70 Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore nymphae, quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea, conubio iungam stabili propriamque dicabo, omnis ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos exigat, et pulchra faciat te prole parentem.'               75

Aeolus haec contra: 'Tuus, O regina, quid optes explorare labor; mihi iussa capessere fas est. Tu mihi, quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Iovemque concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divom, nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem.'               80

Haec ubi dicta, cavum conversa cuspide montem impulit in latus: ac venti, velut agmine facto, qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant. Incubuere mari, totumque a sedibus imis una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis               85 Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus. Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum. Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque Teucrorum ex oculis; ponto nox incubat atra. Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus aether,               90 praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem.

Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra: ingemit, et duplicis tendens ad sidera palmas talia voce refert: 'O terque quaterque beati, quis ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis               95 contigit oppetere! O Danaum fortissime gentis Tydide! Mene Iliacis occumbere campis non potuisse, tuaque animam hanc effundere dextra, saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Hector, ubi ingens Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis               100 scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit?'

(Vergil, The Aeneid, Book 1, Lines 50-101

Questions about the Latin

1. What is the case of the subject in the phrase "Talia flammato secum dea corde volutans"?

2. What is the mood of the verb "explorare" in the phrase "Tuus, O regina, quid optes explorare labor"?

3. What is the tense of the verb "fremunt" in the phrase "Illi indignantes magno cum murmure montis circum claustra fremunt"?

4. What is the gender of the pronoun "quodcumque" in the phrase "Tu mihi, quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Iovemque concilias"?

5. What is the function of the word "quarum" in the phrase "Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore nymphae, quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea"?

Answers about the Latin! 

1. Accusative

2. Subjunctive

3. Present

4. Neuter

5. Relative pronoun referring to "nymphae" and connecting the clause "quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea" to the main clause "Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore nymphae"

Modern English Translation

"Thus, with a heart on fire, the goddess, revolving such thoughts, came to Aeolia, the land of the winds, where the king, Aeolus, in a vast cave, controls the struggling winds and the roaring storms with his authority, restraining them with bonds and imprisonment. They, indignant, with a great murmur, around the enclosures, were roaring; Aeolus sits on a high throne, holding the sceptre, softening the spirits and moderating the anger. For, if he did not, the rapid winds would carry away the seas and the lands and the deep sky, and they would wander through the air. But the all-powerful father hid them in dark caves, fearing this, and imposed a mountain and high peaks upon them, and gave a king, who, by a fixed agreement, was ordered to know how to press and to give loose reins. To him then Juno, suppliant, used these words:

'Aeolus, for the father of the gods and king of men has given you the power of calming the waves and lifting the winds, a hostile people is sailing the Tyrrhenian sea, bearing Ilium and the conquered Penates to Italy; strike the winds with your power and bury the ships beneath the waves, or drive them in different directions and scatter their bodies in the sea. I have seven nymphs of extraordinary beauty, among whom the most beautiful is Deiopea, whom I will join to you in a stable marriage and give to you as your own; so that, in return for such rewards, she may spend all her years with you and make you a father of handsome children.'

Aeolus said these things in response: 'It is your task to inspect what you choose, oh Queen; it is morally right for me to undertake the orders. You unite the scepters and Jupiter to me, you unite whatever this is of a kingdom to me, you give reclining at the feasts of the gods, you make the power of both the clouds and the storms.'

When these things were said, he pushed the cavernous mountain with a backwards spear on its side: and the winds, just like in a made battleline, rush from this given gate, and they fly across the lands in a tornado. They laid on top of the sea, and both Eurus and Notus rushed whole from their deep seats together and crowded by the little storms of Africus, and they roll big waves towards the shores. Both the shouting of the men and the creaking of the oars follows. The storm clouds suddenly snatch away both the sky and the day from the eyes of the Trojans: the evil night falls upon the sea. The poles thunder, and the aether mixes with thick flames, and all things intend immediate death to the men.

Without delay the limbs of Aeneas are free from the cold: he groans, and holding twin palms to the stars he recited in such a great voice: 'O both three times and four times blessed the men, who happened to perish before the shores of their fathers below the high walls of Troy! O very brave Tydides of the nation of the Greeks! Why have I not been able to die in the Trojan camps and why have I not been able to pour out this soul with your right hand, when savage Hector lies down by the spear of Achilles, where Sarpedon lies, where Simois rolls so many damages shields and helmets and brave bodies of men under the waves?'

Lines 102-156, Book 1, The Aeneid

Original Passage

Talia iactanti stridens Aquilone procella velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit. Franguntur remi; tum prora avertit, et undis dat latus; insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons.               105 Hi summo in fluctu pendent; his unda dehiscens terram inter fluctus aperit; furit aestus harenis. Tris Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet— saxa vocant Itali mediis quae in fluctibus aras— dorsum immane mari summo; tris Eurus ab alto               110 in brevia et Syrtis urget, miserabile visu, inliditque vadis atque aggere cingit harenae. Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten, ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus in puppim ferit: excutitur pronusque magister               115 volvitur in caput; ast illam ter fluctus ibidem torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex. Adparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto, arma virum, tabulaeque, et Troia gaza per undas. Iam validam Ilionei navem, iam fortis Achati,               120 et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Aletes, vicit hiems; laxis laterum compagibus omnes accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt.

Interea magno misceri murmure pontum, emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus, et imis               125 stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus; et alto prospiciens, summa placidum caput extulit unda. Disiectam Aeneae, toto videt aequore classem, fluctibus oppressos Troas caelique ruina, nec latuere doli fratrem Iunonis et irae.               130 Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, dehinc talia fatur:

'Tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri? Iam caelum terramque meo sine numine, venti, miscere, et tantas audetis tollere moles? Quos ego—sed motos praestat componere fluctus.               135 Post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis. Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro: non illi imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem, sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania saxa, vestras, Eure, domos; illa se iactet in aula               140 Aeolus, et clauso ventorum carcere regnet.'

Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placat, collectasque fugat nubes, solemque reducit. Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acuto detrudunt navis scopulo; levat ipse tridenti;               145 et vastas aperit syrtis, et temperat aequor, atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas. Ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est seditio, saevitque animis ignobile volgus, iamque faces et saxa volant—furor arma ministrat;               150 tum, pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quem conspexere, silent, arrectisque auribus adstant; ille regit dictis animos, et pectora mulcet,— sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, aequora postquam prospiciens genitor caeloque invectus aperto               155 flectit equos, curruque volans dat lora secundo.

Questions about the Latin

1. What is the subject of the verb "miscere" in line 124?

2. What case is "Eurum" in line 129?

3. What type of clause is "disiectam Aeneae, toto videt aequore classem" in line 131?

4. What is the meaning of "motos" in line 135?

5. What is the tense of "luetis" in line 136?

Answers about the Latin!

1. The subject is "venti" (winds).

2. "Eurum" is in the Accusative case.

3. This is a subject-verb-object clause, with "Neptunus" as the subject, "videt" as the verb, and "disiectam Aeneae, toto aequore classem" as the object.

4. "Motos" means "having been moved" or "having been agitated".

5. Future.

Modern English Translation

Such a great shrieking enemy storm brings the sail with the north wind to the shouting man, and it raises the waves to the stars. The oars are being broken; then the prow turns sour, and the side gives to the waves; a shear mountain of water follows the wave. These men hang onto the highest wave; A gaping wave opens the land for these men among the waves; the stormy sea rages on the sands. The south wind twists three ships having been taken on to hiding rocks. A huge reef is in the deepest sea; the east wind and the southwest push three ships from the deep onto the shallows, miserable to see, and they crush the ships on the shallows and encircle the ships with a pile of sand. A huge wave brings one ship which was carrying the Lycians and faithful Orontes before the eyes of the man himself from its top onto its mast; and the master is knocked prone, and is rolled onto his head; and a wave coming around twists that ship three times in the same place, and a swift whirlpool swallows that ship in the sea. A few swimming men appear in the vast whirl pool, the weapons of men, and scrolls, and Trojan treasure through the waves. The storm the strong ship of Illioneis, now the storm conquers the ship of brave Achates, and the ship on which Abas was carried, and the ship on which honorable Aletes was carried; all the ships accept the hostile seawater in their loose seams of their sides and they gape open with cracks.

Meanwhile, with a great roar the sea is mixed, and Neptune, sensing the released winter and the pools had been overflowed from the deep places, is annoyed; and looking out from on high, he raises his head from the calm summit of the sea. He sees Aeneas' scattered fleet on the whole sea, Trojans oppressed by the waves and the ruin of the sky, and the deceit of Juno and her anger did not escape him. He calls for the east wind and the west wind, and then speaks these things: 

'Are you so confident in your race, winds? Now without my will, you dare to mix the sky and the earth and to lift such great masses? Whom I - but it is best to compose the stirred waves. After me, you will pay a penalty not similar. Hurry your flight, and tell this to your king: not to him is the power of the wild sea and the savage trident, but to me it is given by fate. He holds the huge rocks, your houses, Eurus; let him boast in Aeolus' hall and rule in the closed prison of the winds.'

Thus he speaks, and with a word, he calms the swelling sea, and chases away collected clouds and brings back the sun. Cymothoe and Triton, helping with their sharp shells, drive the ships from the rock; he himself raises them with his trident; and he opens the vast Syrtes and tempers the sea and with his light wheels glides over the summit of the waves. And just as often in a great crowd, a sedition has risen, and the base crowd rages in their minds, and now torches and stones fly - fury supplies weapons; then, if by chance they see a man heavy with reverence and deeds, they are silent and stand with raised ears; he governs their minds with his words and soothes their hearts - so all the roar of the sea fell, after he, looking out, and carried in the open sky, turns his horses and gives the leather straps to his favorable chariot.

Lines 157-209, Book 1, The Aeneid

Original Passage

Defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu contendunt petere, et Libyae vertuntur ad oras. Est in secessu longo locus: insula portum efficit obiectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto               160 frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late aequora tuta silent; tum silvis scaena coruscis desuper horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra.               165 Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum, intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo, nympharum domus: hic fessas non vincula navis ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancora morsu. Huc septem Aeneas collectis navibus omni               170 ex numero subit; ac magno telluris amore egressi optata potiuntur Troes harena, et sale tabentis artus in litore ponunt. Ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates, succepitque ignem foliis, atque arida circum               175 nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam. Tum Cererem corruptam undis Cerealiaque arma expediunt fessi rerum, frugesque receptas et torrere parant flammis et frangere saxo.

Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit, et omnem               180 prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si quem iactatum vento videat Phrygiasque biremis, aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici. Navem in conspectu nullam, tris litore cervos prospicit errantis; hos tota armenta sequuntur               185 a tergo, et longum per vallis pascitur agmen. Constitit hic, arcumque manu celerisque sagittas corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates; ductoresque ipsos primum, capita alta ferentis cornibus arboreis, sternit, tum volgus, et omnem               190 miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea turbam; nec prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor corpora fundat humi, et numerum cum navibus aequet. Hinc portum petit, et socios partitur in omnes. Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes               195 litore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros, dividit, et dictis maerentia pectora mulcet:

'O socii—neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum— O passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem. Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantis               200 accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopea saxa experti: revocate animos, maestumque timorem mittite: forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit. Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum tendimus in Latium; sedes ubi fata quietas               205 ostendunt; illic fas regna resurgere Troiae. Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis.'

(Vergil, The Aeneid, Book 1, Lines 157-209)

Questions about the Latin

1. What is the grammatical function of "quae" in the phrase "Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum"?

2. What is the grammatical function of "cum" in the phrase "collectis navibus omni ex numero"?

3. What is the grammatical case of "arcum" in the phrase "arcumque manu celerisque sagittas"?

4. What is the grammatical function of "fundat" in the phrase "septem ingentia victor corpora fundat humi"?

5. What is the grammatical function of "in" in the phrase "Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum tendimus in Latium"?

Answers about the Latin!

1. "quae" is a pronoun that refers to the noun "antrum", it functions as an object of the preposition "in".

2. "cum" is a conjunction that connects the adjective "collectis" and the noun "navibus".

3. "arcum" is in the accusative case, it is the object of the verb "corripuit".

4. "fundat" is a verb in the third person singular, it expresses the action of the subject "victor" laying down the bodies.

5. "in" is a preposition indicating direction or goal, it connects the verb "tendimus" to the noun "Latium" indicating that they are going towards Latium.

Modern English Translation

The exhausted men of Aeneas, who were striving to reach the nearest shore by haste, were turning to the Libyan shores. There is a place in a long seclusion: an island makes a port by the obstruction of its sides, by which all is broken from on high and the wave divides into bays, turned back. From here and there vast cliffs and twin rocks threaten in the sky, the tops of which, under the wide area, the safe sea is quiet; then, above, a bright stage of woods, a black forest looming with horror, towers in the shadow. In front, opposite the cliffs hanging over, a cave, inside sweet water and living seats of rock, the home of nymphs: here no bonds hold the exhausted ships, no anchor bites with its hook. Here Aeneas goes to help seven collected ships, with all the ships gathered from every number, enters; and, with great love of the land, the Trojans, exhausted from the journey, reach the desired sand and lay their salt-worn limbs on the shore. And first, Achates strikes a spark from flint, and receives the fire with leaves, and gives dry nourishment all around, and quickly snatches the flame on kindling. Then, the tired men prepare Ceres corrupted by the waves and Cerealian weapons, and the fruits gathered and roast them with flames and break them with rocks.

Meanwhile, Aeneas climbs the rock and surveys the whole sea far and wide, if he sees anyone cast by the wind, Phrygian ships, or Capyn, or arms on high ships of Caicus, or if he may see some Anthea thrown by the wind. He sees no ship in sight, but on the shore he sees three wandering deer; these the whole herd follows from behind, and a long crowd pastures through the valley. He stands here, and quickly with his hand takes his bow and swift arrows, which faithful Achates used to carry; and first he kills their leaders, bearing high heads with tree-like horns, then the crowd, and mixes everything with his arrows among the leafy throngs of the forest; and he does not stop until, victorious, he throws seven huge bodies on the ground and equalizes the number with the ships. He then seeks the port and divides his companions among all. The wine, which good Acestes had loaded in casks from the Trinacrian shore and had given to the departing hero, he divides and with words comforts the mourning hearts:

"O companions—for we are not ignorant of past evils—O who have suffered more severe things, the god will give an end to these things also. You have approached the rage of Scylla and the rocks of Cyclops thoroughly: recall your spirits, and cast off sad fear; perhaps it will have helped to remember these things later. Through various fortunes, through so many differences of things, we tend to Latium; where fate shows peaceful seats; there it is allowed to revive the kingdom of Troy. Endure and keep yourselves safe in prosperous things."

He brings back such great things with his voice, and the man sick with huge worries pretends hope on his face, and he presses pain deep in his heart.

Wrapping Up these Lines

Ablative Absolute:

In Latin, an ablative absolute is a construction in which a noun or pronoun and its modifier are in the ablative case and are not connected to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction or any other grammatical link. It is used to indicate a time, cause, or other circumstance that is independent of the main clause.

One example of an ablative absolute in the Aeneid is found in line 105: "Talia iactanti stridens Aquilone procella velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit." The ablative absolute "iactanti stridens Aquilone procella" describes the circumstances in which the sail is being struck by the opposing wind and the waves are being lifted to the stars.

Perfect Passive Participle:

In Latin, a perfect passive participle is a verbal adjective that describes an action that has been completed in the past and is in a passive voice. It is formed by taking the perfect stem of the verb and adding the passive participle ending -us, -a, -um.

An example of a perfect passive participle from The Aeneid is "expediunt" in line 177, which is the third person plural form of the perfect passive participle of the verb "expedire" meaning "to prepare, to make ready" and is translated in the context as "have prepared" or "have made ready".

Infinitives: 

Infinitive: This grammatical form is used to indicate the purpose or goal of an action. An example from lines 1-209 is in line 160, where "efficit obiectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos" uses the infinitive "scindit" to indicate the purpose of the waves breaking on the cliffs.

Gerund:

This grammatical form is used to indicate an action that is taking place while the main verb is being performed. An example from lines 1-209 is in line 175, where "nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam" uses the gerund "rapuitque" to indicate an action of taking fire while providing dry materials.

Subjunctive Mood:

This grammatical mood is used to express doubt, possibility, or necessity. An example from lines 1-209 is in line 200, where "dabit deus his quoque finem" uses the subjunctive mood to indicate that the speaker is uncertain if god will give an end to these misfortunes.

Poetic Devices:

Alliteration: The repetition of initial consonant sounds, as in "Talia iactanti stridens Aquilone procella" (line 1) where "i" and "t" sounds are repeated.

Anaphora: The repetition of the phrase "Arma virumque cano" in the opening lines of the poem.

Asyndeton: The omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses, as seen in the phrase "Talia iactanti stridens Aquilone procella / velum adversa ferit" where "and" is omitted between "procella" and "velum."

Enjambment: The continuation of a sentence or phrase from one verse to the next, as seen in the lines "Franguntur remi; tum prora avertit, et undis / dat latus; insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons.

Irony: The use of words to express the opposite of their literal meaning, as seen in the phrase "tantas audetis tollere moles" where the winds are being accused of daring to raise huge waves, even though it is not their intention.

Personification: The attribution of human characteristics to non-human things, as in "franguntur remi" (line 3) where the oars are personified as breaking.

Metaphor: A comparison between two unlike things, as in "in puppim ferit" (line 115) where the sea is compared to a weapon striking the ship.

Metonymy: The use of one word to refer to another word that is closely associated with it, as seen in the phrase "Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum" where "casus" and "discrimina" stand for the various experiences and challenges the Trojans faced.

Simile: A comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as," as in "velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit" (line 2) where the storm is compared to a sail being struck by the wind.

Onomatopoeia: The use of words that imitate the sound they describe, as seen in the phrase "misceri murmure pontum" to imitate the sound of the sea.

Pleonasm: The use of more words than are necessary to express an idea, as seen in the phrase "fessas non vincula navis / ulla tenent" where "fessas" and "non" are unnecessary to express the idea that the ships are not held by any ropes.

Prosopopoeia: The use of an imagined or absent person as the speaker, as seen in the phrase "Disiectam Aeneae, toto videt aequore classem" where Aeneas speaks as if he is looking at the scattered ships of his fleet.

Hyperbole: An exaggeration for emphasis, as in "terram inter fluctus aperit" (line 109) where the sea is described as opening the land.

Hyperbaton: The inversion of the usual word order for emphasis, as seen in the phrase "tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri" where "tenuit" is placed before "fiducia vestri" for emphasis.

Epithets: Descriptive phrases that modify a noun, as in "Aeneas scopulum" (line 180) where Aeneas is described as climbing a rock.

Antithesis: The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, as in "Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum / tendimus in Latium" (lines 204-205) where the struggles and dangers encountered are contrasted with the goal of reaching Latium.