AMSCO 5.6 Industrialization: Government's Role Notes

Topic 5.6

📍Topic 5.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity

📖 AMSCO p.317 - p.321

Main Idea

Key Timeline

Image Courtesy of Rashmi Korukonda

Things to Know

Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire declined due to corruption, territorial losses, and ethnic nationalism.
• European nations, notably Russia, perceived chances for territorial expansion as the Ottoman Empire weakened, seizing opportunities for territorial gains.
• Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, leading to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey and independent nations.

China

• Suffered two humiliations in the 19th century: the Opium War and the split into "spheres of influence".
• Foreign domination in the 19th century left China's central government too weak to promote industrialization effectively for decades.
• The central government's weakness and inability to respond effectively to Western challenges.

Japan

• Japan's isolation from 1600 to 1854 and limited contact with the rest of the world.
• Arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853, demanding trade privileges and foreign trade.
• Threat posed by Western powers led to Japanese realization of the danger they faced.
• Overthrow of the shogunate and restoration of imperial rule in 1868, known as the Meiji Restoration.

Muhammad Ali (Ottoman) and Egyptian Industrialization

• Muhammad Ali, an Albanian Ottoman officer, gained prominence and became the new governor of Egypt.
• Ali's semi-independence from the Ottoman sultan allowed him to undertake reforms.
• Reforms included modernizing the military, establishing schools, and starting an official newspaper.
• Taxation of peasants at high rates to gain control of cotton production and agricultural products.
• State-sponsored industrialization, with textile factories, armament production, and shipbuilding.
• Muhammad Ali's vision of state-sponsored industrialization positioned him as Egypt's first great modern ruler.

Meiji Restoration (Japan)

• Overthrow of the shogunate and restoration of imperial rule in Japan in 1868.
• Japan's rapid transition to a modern, industrialized country within a short period.
• Comprehensive reforms based on Western innovations to protect traditional culture.
• Abolition of feudalism, establishment of a constitutional monarchy, and equality before the law.
• Reorganization of the military, expansion of educational opportunities, and development of infrastructure.
• Subsidized industrialization in key industries, stimulating rapid economic growth.
• Role of private investments, including zaibatsu, in fostering innovation and industrial development in Japan.

Terms to Remember